Buddhist Formal Logic: A Study of Dignaga's Hetucakra and K'uei-chi's Great Commentary on the Nyayapravesa

This work is primarily an interpretation of India logic preserved in China. The material is mainly taken from K'uei Chi's Great Commentary on the Nyayapravesa. It is not designed to be a comprehensive study of Indian logic in general, nor is it planned to be a complete exposition of K'uei Chi's work in particular. Its scope is confined to formal logic. The author's intentions are to solve problems which have not yet been settled and to interpret theories which have not yet been clearly interpreted, instead of duplicating what other people have already done. Much more attention has been paid to the fundamental principles and less to the list of fallacies, in particular less to the overelaboration which does not make much sense either theoretically or practically.

In an examination of the principles of the Hetucakra and the Trairupya, it is unavoidable that some non-Buddhist works are involved, i.e. without them the discussion of the theories would be incomplete. Therefore the theories of Uddyotakara, who was totally unknown to the early Chinese logicians, have been discussed. Besides interpetaiton of Indian theories, one chapter is devoted to a discussion of possible consequences on Western logic after Indian theories have been introduced and absorbed.

Regarding symbolic notation, the author generally follows that of the Principia Mathematica. One of the exceptions is the use of dots. A part of Aristotelian terminology, such as the names of premises, terms and moods, has been used as a substitute, and not the precise equivalent, for the sake of convenience only.

Foreword 1968					vii
Introduction 1966-67 (i) Dignaga's Hetucakra and Trairupya					xi
Professor Karl H. Potter's Paper					xliii
Introduction 1966-67 (ii) A General Theory of Operators					xlix
Preface					lxix
Introduction 1961					lxxiii
Abbreviations					lxxix
1.	Fundamental Theories				1
	11	Dignaga's Hetucakra			1
		111.		Original Texts	1
		112.		Explanatory Texts	5
		113.		Interpretation	8
	12.	The Trairupya			30
		121.		Formulation by Dignaga and Dharmakirti	30
		122.		Uddyotakara's Objections	31
		123.		Dharmottara's Interpretation of the Second Clause	35
		124.		Controversy on the Trairupya at the time of Vacaspatimisra	36
		125.		Why was the Theory of the Trairupya Misinterpreted?	38
		126.		Interpretation of the Trairupya	40
	13.	Uddyotakara's Hetucakra			44
		131.		Interpretation	44
		132.		Uddyotakara's Illustrative Cases	51
2.	What do the Theories of the Hetucakra and the Trairupya Mean to us?				55
	21.		The logic of Classes		55
	22.		The Retricted Predicate Logic		61
	23.		The Propositional Logic		64
	24.		Three Kinds of Functions Defined by Matrices in Uniform Symbols		65
			241.	The Narrow Functions and the Universal Functions	68
			242.	Notation of the Functions	70
			243.	Definitions and Characteristics of the Functions	73
			244.	A Few Theorems on the Three Sets of Functions	79
	25.		What does the Theory of the Trairupya mean in Propositional Logic?		91
	26.		The Problem of 'Inseparable Connection'		93
	27.		Three Types of Connectives		96
	28.		A New Scheme of the Hetucakra		98
3.	List of Fallacies				105
	31.		Samkarasvamin's List of Fallacies		105
			311.	Samkarasvamin's List and his Illustrative cases	105
			312.	Some Queries on Samkarasvamin's List of Fallacies	113
			313.	The Hetucakra, the Trairupya and the List of Fallacies	125
			314.	K'uei-chi's Treatment of the List of Fallacies	126
	32.		Dharmakirti's Modification of the List of Fallacies		144
	33.		The Relativity of Validity		148
			331.	The Background of Debate	149
			332.	The Standpoints of Disputing Parties	149
			333.	The Four Logical Alternatives	156
	34.		A Study of a few Illustrative Cases		163
			341.	On Vaisesika's Categories	163
			342.	On the Existence of Soul	166
			343.	The 'Smoke-Fire' Case	172
4.	Conclusion				175
	41.		Ancient Symbolic Logic		175
	42.		Application of Indian Theories in Modern Logic		177
Bibliography A					185
Bibliography B					199