About the Book
The work appears in five volumes. Vol. I comprises Buddhist and Jaina
Philosophy and the six systems of Hindu thought, viz., Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya,
Vaisesika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. Vol. II completes studies in the Sankara school
of Vedanta. It also contains the philosophy of the Yogavasistha, the
Bhagavadgita and speculations in the medical schools. Vol. III contains an
elaborate account of the principal dualistic and pluralistic systems such as the
philosophy of the Pancaratra. Bhaskara, Yamuna, Ramanuja, Nimbarka,
Vijnanabhiksu and philosophical speculations of some of the selected Puranas.
Vol. IV deals with the Bhagavata Purana, Madhva and his school, Vallabha,
Caitanya, Jiva Gosvami and Baladeva Vidyabhusana. Vol. V treats of the southern
schools of Saivism, viz., Saiva Siddhanta, Vira Saivism, philosophy of Srikantha,
Saiva philosophy in the Puranas and in some important texts. In the words of the
Oxford Journal 'the collection of data, editing and the interpretation of every
school of thought is a feat unparalleled in the field of history of philosophy.'
About the Author
Late Dr. Surendranath Dasgupta, C.I.E., I.E.S., Ph.D. (Cal.et Cantab.),
D.Litt. (Hony, Rome) was the Principal at Government Sanskrit Collage, Calcutta
and King George V. Prof. of Mental and Moral Science, at the Calcutta
University. He represented Cambridge University at the Congress of Philosophy in
Paris in 1921 and the Calcutta University at the International Congress of
Philosophy at Naples in 1924 and at Harvard in 1926. He represented India at the
International Congress of Religion in London in 1936 and in Paris in 1939. Among
his several other works may be mentioned: A Study of Patanjali, Yoga Philosophy
in Relation to Other Systems of Indian Thoughts, Yoga as Philosophy and
Religion, Hindu Mysticism, Indian Idealism, Philosophical Essays, A History of
Sanskrit Literature and Religion and Rational Outlook.
Contents:
(VOLUME I)
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY
CHAPTER II
THE VEDAS, BRAHMANAS AND THEIR PHILOSOPHY
1. The Vedas and their
antiquity
2. The Place of the Vedas in the Hindu mind
3. Classification of the
Vedic literature
4. The samhitas
5. The Brahmanas
6. The Aranyakas
7. The Rg-Veda,
its civilization
8. The Vedic gods
9. Polytheism, Henotheism, and Monotheism
10.
Growth of a Monotheistic tendency; Prajapati, Visvakarma
11. Brahma
12.
Sacrifice; the First Rudiments of the Law of
Karma 13. Cosmogony-Mythological
and Philosophical
14. Eschatology; the Doctrine of Atman
15. Conclusion
CHAPTER III
THE EARLIER UPANISADS (700 B.C. - 600 B.C.)
1. The place of the
Upanisads in Vedic literature
2. The names of the Upanisads; Non-Brahmanic
influence
3. Brahmanas and the Early Upanisads
4. The meaning of the word
Upanisads
5. The composition and growth of diverse Upanisads
6. Revival of
Upanisads studies in modern times
7. The Upanisads and their interpretations
8.
The quest after Brahman: the struggle and the failure
9. Unknowability of
Brahman and the Negative Method
10. The Atman doctrine
11. Place of Brahman in
the Upanisads
12. The World
13. The World-Soul
14. The Theory of Causation
15.
Doctrine of Transmigration
16. Emancipation
CHAPTER IV
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE SYSTEMS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
1. In
what sense is a History of Indian Philosophy possible?
2. Growth of the
Philosophic Literature
3. The Indian systems of Philosophy
4. Some fundamental
points of agreement
1.
The Karma theory
2.
The Doctrine of Mukti 3.
The Doctrine
of Soul 5. The Pessimistic Attitude towards the World and the Optimistic Faith
in the end
6. Unity in Indian Sadhana (philosophical, religious and ethical
endeavours)
CHAPTER V
BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY
1. The State of Philosophy in Indian before
Buddha
2. Buddha: his life
3. Early Buddhist Literature
4. The Doctrine of
Causal Connection of early Buddhism
5. The Khandhas
6. Avijja and Asava
7. Sila
and Samadhi
8. Kamma
9. Upanisads and Buddhism
10. The School of Theravada
Buddhism
11. Mahayanism
12. The Tathata Philosophy of Asvaghosa (80 A.D.)
13.
The Madhyamika or the Sunyavada school-Nihilism
14. Uncompromising Idealism or
the School of Vijnanavada Buddhism
15. Sautrantika theory of Perception
16.
Sautrantika theory of Inference
17. The Doctrine of Momentariness
18. The
Doctrine of Momentariness and the Doctrine of Causal Efficiency (Arthakriyakaritva)
19. Some Ontological Problems on which the Different Indian Systems diverged
20.
Brief Survey of the Evolution of Buddhist Thought
CHAPTER VI
THE JAINA PHILOSOPHY
1. The Origin of Jainism
2. Two Sects of
Jainism
3. The Canonical and other Literature of the Jains
4. Some General
Characteristics of the Jains
5. Life of Mahavira
6. The Fundamental Ideas of
Jaina Ontology
7. The Doctrine of Relative Pluralism (Anekantavada)
8. The
Doctrine of Nayas
9. The Doctrine of Syadvada
10. Knowledge, its value for us
11. Theory of Perception
12. Non-Perceptual knowledge
13. Knowledge as
Revelation
14. The Jivas
15. Karma Theory
16. Karma, Asrava and Nirjara
17.
Pudgala
18.
Dharma, Adharma, Akasa
19. Kala and Samaya
20. Jaina Cosmography
21.
Jaina Yoga
22. Jaina Atheism
23. Moksa (emancipation)
CHAPTER VII
THE KAPILA AND TE PATANJALA SAMKHYA (YOGA)
1. A Review
2. The
Germs of Samkhya in the Upanisads
3. Samkhya and Yoga Literature
4. An Early
School of Samkhya
5. Samkhya karika, Samkhya sutra, Vacaspati Misra and Vijnana
Bhiksu
6. Yoga and Patanjali
7. The Samkhya and the Yoga doctrine of Soul of
Purusa
8. Thought and Matter
9. Feelings, the Ultimate Substances
10. The Gunas
11. Prakrti and its evolution
12. Pralaya and the disturbance of the Prakrti
Equilibrium
13. Mahat and Ahamkara
14. The Tanmatras and the Paramanus
15.
Principle of Causation and Conservation of Energy
16. Change as the formation of
new collections
17. Causation as Satkaryavada (the theory that the effect
potentially exists before it is generated by the movement of the cause)
18.
Samkhya Atheism and Yoga Theism
19. Buddhi and Purusa
20. The Cognitive Process
and some characteristics of Citta
21. Sorrow and its Dissolution
22. Citta
23.
Yoga Purificatory Practices (Parikarma)
24. The Yoga Meditation
CHAPTER VIII
THE NYAYA-VAISESIKA PHILOSOPHY
1. Criticism of Buddhism and
Samkhya from the Nyaya standpoint
2. Nyaya and Vaisesika sutras
3. Does
Vaisesika represent an old school of Mimamsa?
4. Philosophy in the Vaisesika
sutras
5. Philosophy in the Nyaya sutras
6. Philosophy of Nyaya sutras and
Vaisesika sutras
7. The Vaisesika and Nyaya Literature
8. The main doctrine of
the Nyaya-Vaisesika, Philosophy
9. The six Padarthas : Dravya, Guna, Karma,
Samanya, Visesa, Samavaya
10. The Theory of Causation
11. Dissolution (Pralaya)
and Creation (Srsti)
12. Proof of the Existence of Isvara
13. The
Nyaya-Vaisesika Physics
14. The Origin of Knowledge (Pramana)
15. The four
Pramanas of Nyaya
16. Perception (Pratyaksa)
17. Inference
18. Upamana and Sabda
19. Negation in Nyaya-Vaisesika
20. The necessity of the Acquirement of debating
devices for the seeker of Salvation
21. The Doctrine of Soul
22. Isvara and
Salvation
CHAPTER IX
MIMAMSA PHILOSOPHY
1. A Comparative Review
2. The Mimamsa
Literature
3. The Paratah-pramanya doctrine of Nyaya and the Svatah-pramanya
doctrine of Mimamsa
4. The place of Sense-organs in Perception
5. Indeterminate
and Determinate Perception
6. Some Ontological Problems connected with the
Doctrine of Perception
7. The Nature of Knowledge
8. The Psychology of Illusion
9. Inference
10. Upamana, Arthapatti
11. Sabda-pramana
12. The Pramana of
Non-perception (anupalabdhi)
13. Self, Salvation, and God
14. Mimamsa as
Philosophy and Mimamsa as Ritualism
CHAPTER X
THE SANKARA SCHOOL OF VEDANTA
1. Comprehension of the Philosophical
Issues more essential than the Dialectic of Controversy
2. The philosophical
situation: a Review
3. Vedanta Literature
4. Vedanta in Gaudapada
5. Vedanta and
Sankara (788-820 A.D.)
6. The main idea of the Vedanta philosophy
7. In what
sense is the world-appearance false?
8. The nature of the world-appearance,
phenomena
9. The Definition of Ajnana (nescience)
10. Ajnana established by
Perception and Inference
11. Locus and Object of Ajnana, Ahamkara and
Antahkarana
12. Anirvacyavada and the Vedanta dialectic
13. The Theory of
Causation
14. Vedanta theory of Perception and Inference
15. Atman, Jiva, Isvara,
Ekajivavada and Drstisrstivada
16. Vedanta, theory of Illusion
17. Vedanta
Ethics and Vedanta Emancipation
18. Vedanta and other Indian systems
INDEX
(VOLUME II)
CHAPTER XI
THE SANKARA SCHOOL OF VEDANTA (continued)
1. The World-Appearance
2. Thought and its Object in Buddhism and in Vedanta
3. Sankara's Defence of
Vedanta; Philosophy of Badarayana and Bhartrprapanca
4. Teachers and Pupils in
Vedanta
5. Vedanta Doctrine of Soul and the Buddhist Doctrine of Soullessness
6.
Vedantic Cosmology
7. Sankara and his School
8. Mandana, Suresvara and Visvarupa
9. Mandana (A.D. 800)
10. Suresvara (A.D. 800)
11. Padmapada (A.D. 820)
12.
Vacaspati Misra (A.D. 840)
13. Sarvajnatma Muni (A.D. 900)
14. Anandabodha Yati
(eleventh or twelfth century A.D.)
15. Maha-vidya and the Development of Logical
Formalism
16. Vedanta Dialectic of Sriharsa (A.D. 1150)
17. Application of the
Dialectic to the Difference Categories and Concepts
18. Citsukha's
Interpretations of the Concepts of Sankara Vedanta (A.D. 1220)
19. The Dialectic
of Nagarjuna and the Vedanta Dialectic
20. Dialectical Criticisms of
Santaraksita and Kamalasila (A.D. 760) as forerunners of Vedanta Dialectics
(a)
Criticisms of Samkhya Parinama Doctrine
(b) Criticism of Isvara
(c) Refutation
of the Soul Theory
(d) Refutation of the Mimamsa Theory of the Self
(e)
Refutation of the Samkhya View of the Self
(f) Refutation of the Upanisad View
of the Self
(g) Refutation of the Theory of the Persistence of Existing Entities
(h) Refutation of Criticisms of the Non-permanency of Entities
(i) Refutation of
the Nyaya Vaisesika Categories
21. Dialectic of Sankara and Anandajnana
22.
Philosophy of the Prakatartha-vivarana (A.D. 1200)
23. Vimuktatman (A.D. 1200)
24. Ramadvaya (A.D. 1300)
25. Vidyaranya (A.D. 1350)
26. Nrsimhasrama Muni (A.D.
1500)
27. Appaya Diksita (A.D. 1550)
28. Prakasananda (A.D. 1550-1600)
29.
Madhusudana Sarasvati (A.D. 1500)
CHAPTER XII
THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE YOGA-VASISTHA
1. Yoga-vasistha
2. The
Ultimate Entity
3. Origination
4. Karma, Manas and the Categories
5. The
World-Appearance
6. Nature of Agency Kartriva) and the Illusion of World
Creation
7. The Stage of the Saint (Tivan-mukta)
8. Energy of Free-will (Paurusa)
9. Prana and its Control
10. Stages of Progress
11. Methods of Right Conduct
12.
Yoga-vasistha, Sankara Vedanta and Buddhist Vijnanavada
CHAPTER XIII
SPECULATIONS IN THE MEDICAL SCHOOLS
1. Ayur-veda and the Atharva-Veda
2. Bones in the Atharva-Veda and Ayur-veda
3. Organs in the Atarva-Veda and
Ayur-veda
4. Practice of Medicine in the Atharva-Veda
5. The Foetus and the
Subtle Body
6. Foetal Development
7. Growth and Disease
8. Vayu, Pitta and Kapha
9. Head and Heart
10. The Circulatory and the Nervous System
11. The Nervous
System of the Tantras
12. The Theory of Rasas and their Chemistry
13. The
Psychological Views and other Ontological Categories
14. Logical Speculations
and Terms relating to Academic Dispute
15. Did Logic Originate in the
Discussions of Ayur-veda Physicians?
16. Ayur-veda Ethics
17. Springs of Action
in the Caraka-samhita
18. Good Life in Caraka
19. Ayur-veda Literature
CHAPTER XIV
THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA
1. The Gita Literature
2.
Gita and Yoga
3. Samkhya and Yoga in the Gita
4. Samkhya Philosophy in the Gita
5. Avyakta and Brahman
6. Conception of Sacrificial Duties in the Gita
7.
Sense-control in the Gita
8. The Ethics of the Gita and the Buddhist Ethics
9.
Analysis of Action
10. Eschatology
11. God and Man
12. Visnu, Vasudeva and Krsna
13. Bhagavata and the Bhagavad-gita
INDEX
(VOLUME III)
CHAPTER XV
THE BHASKARA SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Date of Bhaskara
2. Bhaskara
and Sankara
3. The Philosophy of Bhaskara's Bhasya
CHAPTER XVI
THE PANCARATRA
1. Antiquity of the Pancaratra
2. The Position of
the Pancaratra Literature
3. The Pancaratra Literature
4. Philosophy of the
Tayakhy and other Samhitas
5. Philosophy of the Ahirbudhnya-samhita
CHAPTER XVII
THE ARVARS
1. The Chronology of the Arvars
2. The Philosophy of
the Arvars
3. Arvars and Sri-vaisnavas on certain points of controversy in
religious dogmas
CHAPTER XVIII
AN HISTORICAL AND LITERARY SURVEY OF THE VISISTADVAITA SCHOOL
OF THOUGHT
1. The Aragiyas from Nathamuni to Ramanuja
2. Ramanuja
3. The
Precursors of the Visistadvaita Philosophy and the contemporaries and pupils of
Ramanuja
4. Ramanuja Literature
5. The Influence of the Arvars on the followers
of Ramanuja
CHAPTER XIX
THE PHILOSOPHY OF YAMUNACARYA
1. Yamuna's doctrine of Soul
contrasted with those or others
2. God and the World
3. God according to
Ramanuja, Venkatanatha and Lokacarya
4. Visistadvaita doctrine of Soul according
to Ramanuja and Venkatanatha
5. Acit or Primeval Matter: the Prakrti and its
modifications
CHAPTER XX
PHILOSOPHY OF THE RAMANUJA SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
1. Sankara and
Ramanuja on the nature of Reality as qualified or un-qualified
2. Refutation of
Sankara's avidya
3. Ramanuja's theory of Illusion-All knowledge is Real
4.
Failure of theistic proofs
5. Bhaskara and Ramanuja
6. Ontological position of
Ramanuja's Philosophy
7. Venkatanatha's treatment of Pramana
8. Venkatanatha's
treatment of Doubt
9. Error and Doubt according to Venkatanatha
10. Perception
in the light of elucidation by the later members of the Ramanuja School
11.
Venkatanatha's treatment of Inference
12. Epistemology of the Ramanuja School
according to Meghanadari and others
13. The Doctrine of Self-validity of
Knowledge
14. The Ontological categories of the Ramanuja School according to
Venkatanatha
(a) Substance
(b) Criticism of the Samkhya Inference for
Establishing the Existence of Prakrti
(c) Refutation of the Atomic Theory of
Nyaya in relation to Whole and Part
(d) Criticism of the Samkhya Theory of Sat-karya-vada
(e) Refutation of the Buddhist Doctrine of Momentariness
(f) Refutation of the
Carvaka criticism against the Doctrine of Causality
(g) The Nature of the Sense
according to Venkatanatha
(h) The Nature of akasa according to Venkatanatha
(i)
Nature of Time according to Venkatanatha
(j) The Nature of Soul according to
Venkatanatha
(k) The Nature of Emancipation according to Venkatanatha
15. God in
the Ramanuja School
16. Dialectical criticism against the Sankara School
17.
Meghanadari
18. Vatsya Varada
19. Ramanujacarya II alias Vadi-Hamsa-Navamvuda
20. Ramanujadasa alias Mahacarya
21. Prapatti Doctrine as expounded in
Srivacana-bhusana of Lokacarya and Saumya Jamatr Muni's Commentary on it
22.
Kasturi-Rangacarya
23. Saila Srinivasa
24. Rangacarya
CHAPTER XXI
THE NIMBARKA SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Teachers and Pupils of the
Nimbarka School
2. A General Idea of Nimbarka's Philosophy
3. Controversy with
the Monists by Madhava Mukunda
(a) The Main Thesis and the Ultimate End in
Advaita Vedanta are untenable
(b) Refutation of the Sankara Theory of Illusion
in its various Aspects
(c) Refutation of the Sankarite View of Ajnana
4. The
Pramanas according to Madhava Mukunda
5. Criticism of the views of Ramanuja and
Bhaskara
6. The Reality of the World
7. Vanamali Misra
CHAPTER XXII
THE PHILOSOPHY OF VIJNANA BHIKSU
1. A General Idea of Vijnana
Bhiksu's Philosophy
2. The Brahman and the World according to
Vijnana-mrta-bhasya
3. The Individual
4. Brahma-Experience and Experience
5.
Self-Luminosity and Ignorance
6. Relaiton of Samkhya and Vedanta according to
Bhiksu
7. Maya and Pradhana
8. Bhiksu's criticism of the Samkhya and Yoga
9.
Isvara-gita, its Philosophy as expounded by Vijnana Bhiksu
CHAPTER XXIII
PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATIONS OF SOME OF THE SELECTED PURANAS
1.
Visnu Purana
2. Vayu Purana
3. Markandeya Purana
4. Naradiya Purana
5. Kurma
Purana
APPENDIX TO VOLUME I
The Lokayata, Nastika and Carvaka
INDEX
(VOLUME IV)
CHAPTER XXIV
THE BHAGAVATA PURANA
1. The Bhagavata-purana
2. Dharma
3.
Brahman, Paramatman, Bhagavat and Paramesvara
4. Kapila's philosophy in the
Bhagavata-purana
5. Eschatology
CHAPTER XXV
MADHVA AND HIS SCHOOL
1. Madhva's life
2. Madhva Gurus
3.
Important Madhva works
4. Teachers and writers of the Madhva School
5. Ramanuja
and Madhva
CHAPTER XXVI
MADHVA'S INTERPRETATION OF THE BRAHMA-SUTRAS
1. Interpretation
of Brahma-sutra, I. I. 1
2. Interpretation of Brahma-sutra, I. I. 2
3.
Interpretation of Brahma-sutra, I. I. 3-4
4. A general review of the other
important topics of the Brahma-sutras
CHAPTER XXVII
A GENERAL REVIEW OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF MADHVA
1. Ontology
2.
Pramanas (ways of valid knowledge)
3. Svatah-pramanya (self-validity of
knowledge)
4. Illusion and Doubt
5. Defence of Pluralism (bheda)
CHAPTER XXVIII
MADHVA LOGIC
1. Perception
2. Inference (Anumana)
3. Tarka
(Ratiocination)
4. Concomitance (Vyapti)
5. Epistemological process in Inference
6. Various considerations regarding Inference
7. Testimony
CHAPTER XXIX
CONTROVERSY BETWEEN THE DUALISTS AND THE MONISTS
1. Vyasa-tirtha,
Madhusudana and Ramacarya on the Falsity of the World
2. Nature of Knowledge
3.
The World as Illusion
CHAPTER XXX
CONTROVERSY BETWEEN THE DUALISTS AND THE MONISTS (cont.)
1. A
refutation of the definition of Avidya (nescience)
2. Perception of Ajnana
(ignorance)
3. Inference of Ajnana
4. The theory of Avidya refuted
5. Ajnana and
Ego-hood (ahamkara)
6. Indefinability of World-appearance
7. Nature of Brahman
8. Refutation of Brahman as material and instrumental cause
9. Liberation (moksa)
CHAPTER XXXI
THE PHILOSOPHY OF VALLABHA
1. Vallabha's interpretation of the
Brahma-sutra
2. The nature of Brahman
3. The Categories
4. The Pramanas
5.
Concept of
bhakti 6. Topics of Vallabha as explained by Vallabha's followers
7.
Vitthala's interpretation of Vallabha's ideas
8. Life of Vallabha (1481-1533)
9.
Works of Vallabha and his disciples
10. Visnusvamin
CHAPTER XXXII
CAITANYA AND HIS FOLLOWERS
1. Caitanya's biographers
2. Life of
Caitanya
3. Emotionalism of Caitanya
4. Gleaning from Caitanya-Caritamrta on the
subject of Caitanya's philosophical views
5. Some companions of Caitanya
CHAPTER XXXIII
THE PHILOSOPHY OF JIVA GOSVAMI AND BALADEVA VIDYABHUSANA,
FOLLOWERS OF CAITANYA
1. Ontology
2. Status of the World
3. God and His Powers
4. God's relation to His devotees
5. Nature of bhakti
6. Ultimate Realization
7.
The joy of bhakti
8. The philosophy of Baladeva Vidyabhusana
INDEX
(VOLUME V)
CHAPTER XXXIV
LITERATURE OF SOUTHERN SAIVISM
1. The Literature and History of
Southern Saivism
2. The Agama Literature and its Philosophy Perspective
3.
Siva-jnana-bodhy
by Meykandadeva
4. Matanga-paramesvara-
tantra 5. Pauskaragama
6. Vatulagama
7.
Vatula-tantram
CHAPTER XXXV
VIRA-SAIVISM
1. History and Literature of Vira-saivism
2.
Anubhava-sutra of Mayi-deva
CHAPTER XXXVI
PHILOSOPHY OF SRIKANTHA
1. Philosophy of Saivism as expounded
by Srikantha in his Commentary on the Brahms-sutra and the Sub-commentary on it
by Appaya Diksita
2. The Nature of Brahman
3. Moral Responsibility and the Grace
of God
CHAPTER XXXVII
THE SAIVA PHILOSOPHY IN THE PURANAS
1. The Saiva Philosophy in
the Siva-mahapurana
2,3. Saiva Philosophy in the Vayaviya-samhita of the Siva-mahapurana
Section 1
Section 2
CHAPTER XXXVIII
SAIVA PHILOSOPHY IN SOME OF THE IMPORTANT TEXTS
1. The
Doctrine of the Pasupata-sutras
2. The Saiva Ideas of Manikka-vachakar in
Tiru-vachaka
3. Manikka-vachakar and Saiva Siddhanta
4. Saiva Philosophy
according to Bhoja and his commentators
5. Sripati Pandita's Ideas on the
Vedanta Philosophy, called also the Srikara-bhasya which is accepted as the
Fundamental Basis of Vira-saivism
INDEX
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